If you do not know anything about the author, and cannot find any information, it is best to say where how to cite sources in essay found the source and why you believe it is credible and worth citing. Which citation style should you use? It is not used in reference entries. A quote is regarded as long if it takes four or more lines in your essay. Categories Education and Communications College University and Postgraduate Academic Writing Essays How to Cite an Essay.
MLA Formatting Guide
This depends on what type of work you are writing, how you are using the borrowed material, and the expectations of your instructor. First, you have to think about how you want to identify your sources. If your sources are very important to your ideas, you should mention the author and work in a sentence that introduces your citation. If, however, you are only citing the source to make a minor point, you may consider using parenthetical references, footnotes, or endnotes. There are also different forms of citation for different disciplines.
For example, when you cite sources how to cite sources in essay a psychology paper you would probably use a different form of citation than you might in a paper for an English class. Finally, you should always consult your instructor to determine how to cite sources in essay form of citation appropriate for your paper. You can save a lot of time and energy simply by asking "How should I cite my sources," or "What style of citation should I use? In the following sections, we will take you step-by-step through some general guidelines for citing sources.
The first time you cite a source, it is almost always a good idea to mention its author show to cite sources in essay, title, and genre book, article, or web page, how to cite sources in essay, etc. If the source is central to your work, you may want to introduce it in a separate sentence or two, summarizing its importance and main ideas. But often you can just tag this information onto the beginning or end of a sentence. For example, the following sentence puts information about the author and work before the quotation:. You may also want to describe the author s if they are not famous, or if you have reason to believe your reader does not know them.
You should say whether they are economic analysts, artists, physicists, etc, how to cite sources in essay. If you do not know anything about the author, and cannot find any information, it is best to say where you found the source and why you believe it is credible and worth citing. For example. If you have already introduced the author and work from which you are citing, and you are obviously referring to the same work, how to cite sources in essay, you probably don't need to mention them again. However, if you have cited other sources and then go back to one you had cited earlier, it is a good idea to mention at least the author's name again and the work if you have referred to more than one by this author to avoid confusion.
Taking the exact words from an original source is called quoting. You should quote material when you believe the way the original author expresses an idea is the most effective means of communicating the point you want to make. If you want to borrow an idea from an author, but do not need his or her exact words, you should try paraphrasing instead of quoting. Most of the time, paraphrasing and summarizing your sources is sufficient but remember that you still have to cite them! Most of the time, you can just identify a source and quote from it, as in the first example above. Sometimes, however, you will need to modify the words or format of the quotation in order to fit in your paper. Whenever you change the original words of your source, you must indicate that you have done so.
Otherwise, you would be claiming the original author used words that he or she did not use. But be careful not to change too many words! You could accidentally change the meaning of the quotation and falsely claim the author said something they did not. For example, let's say you want to quote from the following passage in an essay called "United Shareholders of America," by Jacob Weisberg:. When you quote, you generally want to be as concise as possible. Keep only the material that is strictly relevant to your own ideas. So here you would not want to quote the middle sentence, since it is repeated again in the more informative last sentence. However, just skipping it would not work -- the final sentence would not make sense without it. So, you have to change the wording a little bit.
In order to do so, you will need to use some editing symbols. Your quotation might end up looking like this:. The brackets around the word [money] indicate that you have substituted that word for other words the author used. To make a substitution this important, however, you had better be sure that [money] is what the final phrase meant -- if the author intentionally left it ambiguous, you would be significantly altering his meaning. That would make you guilty of fraudulent attribution. In this case, however, the paragraph following the one quoted explains that the author is referring to money, so it is okay.
As a general rule, it is okay to make minor grammatical and stylistic changes to make the quoted material fit in your paper, but it is not okay to significantly alter the structure of the material or its content. When you have "embedded quotes," or quotations within quotations, you should switch from the normal quotation marks "" to single quotation marks '' to show the difference. For example, if an original passage by John Archer reads:. The exact formatting requirements for long quotations differ depending on the citation style. In general, however, if you are quoting more than 3 lines of material, you should do the following:.
A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:. An annotated bibliography is the how to cite sources in essay as a bibliography with one important difference: in an how to cite sources in essay bibliography, how to cite sources in essay, the bibliographic information is followed by a brief description of the content, quality, and usefulness of the source. Footnotes how to cite sources in essay notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. For example, say you want to add an interesting how to cite sources in essay to a sentence you have written, but the comment is not directly related to the argument of your paragraph.
In this case, you could add the symbol for a footnote. Then, at the bottom of the page you could reprint the symbol and insert your comment. Here is an example:. When your reader comes across the footnote in the main text of your paper, he or she could look down at your comments right away, or else continue reading the paragraph and read your comments at the end. How to cite sources in essay this makes it convenient for your reader, most citation styles require that you use either footnotes or endnotes in your paper. Some, however, allow you to make parenthetical references author, date in the body of your work. See our section on citation styles for more information.
Footnotes are not just for interesting comments, however. Sometimes they simply refer to relevant sources -- they let your reader know where certain material came from or where they can look for other sources on the subject. To decide whether you should cite your sources in footnotes or in the body of your paper, you should ask your instructor or see our section on citation styles. Whenever possible, put the footnote at the end of a sentence, immediately following the period or whatever punctuation mark completes that sentence.
Skip two spaces after the footnote before you begin the next sentence. If you must include the footnote in the middle of a sentence for the sake of clarity, or because the sentence has more than one footnote try to avoid this! Otherwise, put it right at the end of the most relevant word. If the footnote is not at the end of a sentence, skip only one space after it. The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the end of your document.
If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes are more likely to get your reader's attention. Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your paper. Sometimes you may be asked to include these -- especially if you have used a parenthetical style of citation. A "works cited" page is a list of all the works from which you have borrowed material, how to cite sources in essay. Your reader may find this more convenient than footnotes or endnotes because he or she will not have to wade through all of the comments and other information in order to see the sources from which you drew your material.
A "works consulted" page is a complement to a "works cited" page, listing all of the works you used, whether they were useful or not. Well, yes. The title is different because "works consulted" pages are meant to complement "works cited" pages, and bibliographies may list other relevant sources in addition to those mentioned in footnotes or endnotes. Choosing to title your bibliography "Works Consulted" or "Selected Bibliography" may help specify the relevance of the sources listed. For more information on documenting sources, see Purdue University's Online Writing Lab. Skip to content. Identifying Sources in the Body of Your Paper The first time you cite a source, it is almost always a good idea to mention its author stitle, and genre book, article, or web page, etc.
For example, In an essay presented at an Asian Studies conference held at Duke University, Sheldon Geron analyzes the relation of state, labor-unions, and small businesses in Japan between s and s, how to cite sources in essay. Quoting Material What is Quoting? How Often Should I Quote? How Do I Incorporate Quotations in My Paper? For example, let's say you want to quote from the following passage in an essay called "United Shareholders of America," by Jacob Weisberg: The citizen-investor serves his fellow citizens badly by his inclination to withdraw from the community. He tends to serve himself badly as well. He does so by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to.
He tends to serve himself badly by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to. by focusing his pursuit of happiness on [money]. Quoting within Quotes When you have "embedded quotes," or quotations within quotations, you should switch from the normal quotation marks "" to single quotation marks '' to show the difference, how to cite sources in essay. In general, however, if you are quoting more than 3 lines of material, you should do the following: change the font to one noticeably smaller in a document that is mostly 12 point font, you should use a 10 point font, for example double indent the quotation -- that means adjusting the left and right margins so that they are about one inch smaller than the main body of your paper if you have this option in your word-processor, "left-justify" the text.
That means make it so that each line begins in the same place, creating a straight line on the left side of the quotation, while the right side is jagged do NOT use quotation marks for the entire quotation -- the graphic changes you have made already changing the font, double indenting, etc. are enough to indicate that the material is quoted. For quotations within that quotation, use normal quotation marks, not single ones you might want to skip 1. Yet it was not an easy task for him. This was due to his still lingering sense how to cite sources in essay pride and skepticism Although it stood with its head raised, even its yellowed wings had been eaten by insects. He thought of his entire life and felt tears and cruel laughter welling up inside.
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A quote is regarded as long if it takes four or more lines in your essay. One of the reasons for that could be the fact that students neglect to buy a corresponding style manual or to consult with their tutor. According to Smith, you must learn how to cite a source in your essay not to plagiarize Sometimes, you might choose to paraphrase individual quotes from multiple pages. In such a case, you can indicate the pages or a page range separated by a comma like this: Smith 26, 28, For example:. The number of words you pick to use depends on the title.
You want as many as to make it clear for the reader what source the quote is from. Black 22 , others refuse to even acknowledge global warming as a planet-scale issue T. Black Take a look at some more examples of MLA in-text citations with their respective reference entries. On October 1, , Hanoi Vietnam became the leader in the list of cities with the highest levels of air pollution. Smith 3. Smith, Thomas. Spencer 5. Spencer, Laura. To restore the movement of qi energy, the doctor acts on certain acupuncture points — areas where the meridians come closest to the surface of the body.
Turnbull 5. Turnbull, Katarina. The construction of the Okayama castle complex was completed in , and the castle served as a residence for local daimyo feudal lords throughout the entire Edo period XVII-XIX century. Gilliam 2. Gilliam, Szymon. Research on social networks in higher education institutions usually focuses on one of the two main groups of participants — teachers or students. Kent 8. Kent, Oscar. This style is the most commonly adopted one in the fields of health and social sciences. Remember to include all the articles you used in the references at the end of your essay. If compared to MLA, APA style is a bit more complicated and requires the writer to specify more details.
According to Smith , you must be aware of citation rules to avoid plagiarism in your essay. You must learn how to cite properly in your paper to avoid plagiarism-related issues Smith, , p. For instance:. Mention all authors the first time you cite them. Foster, Peattie, Rajagopalan, Frankfeldt, Foster et al. Titles of reports and books must be written in italics or underlined, whereas article titles and chapters should be put inside quotation marks. Morton, URLs tend to change; therefore, the reader is not always able to retrieve a certain online source.
DOIs, on the other hand, have a long-lasting link that is unique to a specific article. If a DOI is unavailable, the use of a URL is permitted. Date of publication. Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number issue number, if available , page range. Year, Month Day. Title of Newspaper. Title of Magazine, issue number , page range. Producer, P. Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. Last Name, F. Year, Month Date. Title of video [Video File]. Retrieved from URL.
Writer, W. Title of episode [Television series episode]. Producer Producer , Series title. City, state of origin: Studio or distributor. Title of page [Format description when necessary]. The APA style format is a challenging citation system to work with. If you still struggle, or could not find the answers you need in our guide, feel free to ask our reliable paper writing service to cite your paper or provide you with ' write my essay online ' help. Our knowledgeable writers will assist you with your task of any level of difficulty. Had to ask for a revision and I got a revision back in a timely manner as well with no issues.
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